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Catechin derivatives with different alkyl chain length and aromatic ring substitutions at the 3-hydroxyl group were synthesized from epigallocatechin (EGC) and (+)-catechin (C) and their anti-influenza viral activity were evaluated in vitro and in ovo. Pronounced antiviral activity was observed for derivatives carrying moderate chain length (7–9 carbons) as compared to those with aromatic rings, whereas the 5′-hydroxyl group of the trihydroxy benzyl moiety did not significantly contribute to antiviral activity. The derivatives exerted inhibitory effects for all six influenza subtypes tested including three major types of currently circulating human influenza viruses (A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B type), H2N2 and H9N2 avian influenza virus. The compounds strongly inhibited adsorption of the viruses on red blood cell (RBC). They also restricted the growth of avian influenza virus in ovo with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 5–10 μM far exceeding the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir or M2 proton channel inhibitor amantadine. The antiviral activity appears to be mediated by interaction with hemagglutinin (HA)/viral membrane rendering HA less fusogenic at the initial stage of infection. The broad spectrum activity against various subtypes of influenza viruses may complement the limitations of current antivirals and contribute for managing potentially emerging influenza pandemic. The structure-activity data of catechin derivatives may usefully guideline future research endeavors for applying green tea catechins as alternative anti-viral agents. ; We thank Dr. Sang Jun Lee in Amore-Pacific Co., Korea, for the supply of purified catechins during the initial phase of this work. This work was supported, in part, by the Chemical & Biological Terrorism Research Fund from the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE) and Nanobiotechnology Research Initiatives (M10510000016-06N1000-01610) from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of the Korean Government.

The complete guide to derivatives, from the experts at the CFADerivativesis the definitive guide to derivatives, derivative markets, and the use of options in risk management. Written by the experts at the CFA Institute, this book provides authoritative reference for students and investment professionals seeking a deeper understanding for more comprehensive portfolio management. General discussion of the types of derivatives and their characteristics gives way to detailed examination of each market and its contracts, including forwards, futures, options, and swaps, followed by a look at credit derivatives markets and their instruments. Included lecture slides help bring this book directly into the classroom, while the companion workbook (sold separately) provides problems and solutions that align with the text and allows students to test their understanding while facilitating deeper internalization of the material. Derivatives have become essential to effective financial risk management, and create synthetic exposure to asset classes. This book builds a conceptual framework for understanding derivative fundamentals, with systematic coverage and detailed explanations. Understand the different types of derivatives and their characteristicsDelve into the various markets and their associated contractsExamine the use of derivatives in portfolio managementLearn why derivatives are increasingly fundamental to risk managementThe CFA Institute is the world's premier association for investment professionals, and the governing body for the CFA, CIPM, and Investment Foundations Programs. Those seeking a deeper understanding of the markets, mechanisms, and use of derivatives will value the level of expertise CFA lends to the discussion, providing a clear, comprehensive resource for students and professionals alike. Whether used alone or in conjunction with the companion workbook, Derivativesoffers a complete course in derivatives and their markets. WENDY L. PIRIE, PHD, CFA,is Director, Curriculum Projects, in the Education Division at CFA Institute. She holds a PhD in accounting and finance from Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, and MBAs from the Universities of Toronto and Calgary. She is a member of CFA Institute, New York Society of Security Analysts, and CFA Society Chicago.

The use of sunscreens is an established and recommended practice to protect skin from solar-induced damage. Around 30 UV filters can be used in sunscreen products in the European Union, which ought to follow the requirements of the regulation 1223/2009 to ensure their efficacy and safety for humans. Nevertheless, low photostability and putative toxicity for humans and environment have been reported for some UV filters. Particularly, the negative impact in marine organisms has recently raised concern on the scientific community. Therefore, it is important to develop new UV filters with improved safety profile and photostability. Over the last two decades, nearly 200 new compounds have revealed promising photoprotection properties. The explored compounds were obtained through different approaches, including exploration of natural sources, synthetic pathways, and nanotechnology. Almost 50 natural products and around 140 synthetic derivatives, such as benzimidazoles, benzotriazoles, hydroxycinnamic acids, xanthones, triazines, among others, have been studied aiming the discovery of novel, effective, and safer future photoprotective agents. Herein, we provide the reader with an overview about UV filters' challenges and prospects, offering a forward-looking to the next-generation of UV filters.

[Background] BP178 peptide is a synthetic BP100-magainin derivative possessing strong inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic bacteria, offering a great potential for future applications in plant protection and other fields. Here we report the production and recovery of a bioactive BP178 peptide using rice seeds as biofactories. ; [Results] A synthetic gene encoding the BP178 peptide was prepared and introduced in rice plants. The gene was efficiently expressed in transgenic rice under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter. Among the three endosperm-specific rice promoters (Glutelin B1, Glutelin B4 or Globulin 1), best results were obtained when using the Globulin 1 promoter. The BP178 peptide accumulated in the seed endosperm and was easily recovered from rice seeds using a simple procedure with a yield of 21 μg/g. The transgene was stably inherited for at least three generations, and peptide accumulation remained stable during long term storage of transgenic seeds. The purified peptide showed in vitro activity against the bacterial plant pathogen Dickeya sp., the causal agent of the dark brown sheath rot of rice. Seedlings of transgenic events showed enhanced resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, supporting that the in planta produced peptide was biologically active. ; [Conclusions] The strategy developed in this work for the sustainable production of BP178 peptide using rice seeds as biofactories represents a promising system for future production of peptides for plant protection and possibly in other fields. ; This work was supported by ERA-NET Plant-KBBE program EUI2008-03769 and EUI2008-03572 PROJECTS from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. We thank Government of the the Generalitat de Catalunya (Xarxa de Referencia en Biotecnología, and Xarxa de Referència en Tecnologia dels Aliments, SGR09626, 2008SGR812 and 2014SGR697) for support. We also thank the University of Girona for a Grant for Research improvement 2015–2018. ; Peer reviewed

Chemical Laboratories, Government Model Science College, Gwalior-474 009 Manuscript received 28 January 1991, accepted 17 May 1991 Design, Synthesis and Biological Screening of New Pyrazoline Derivatives

Authors Goodman, Zimmerman, Lucas, and Fabozzi offer managers in this market the best in up-to-date information and cutting-edge strategies for minimizing risk in their mortgage credit derivative portfolios. Broken up into four parts, this book covers topics including, Mortgage Credit (non-agency, first and second lien), Mortgage Securitizations (alternate structures and subprime triggers), Credit Default Swaps on Mortgage Securities (ABX, cash synthetic relationships, CDO credit default swaps), and Loss Projection and Security Valuation (ABX valuation, ABS CDO valuation, subprime and Alt-A lo

In the transition from a fossil to a bio-based economy, it has become an important challenge to maximally recycle valuable nutrients that currently end up in waste streams. Nutrient resources are rapidly depleting. Significant amounts of fossil energy are required for the production of synthetic fertilizers, whereas costs for energy and fertilizers are increasing. Meanwhile, biogas production through anaerobic digestion produces nutrient-rich digestates, which could potentially be reused as green fertilizers in agriculture, thereby providing a sustainable substitute for synthetic fertilizers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of using bio-digestion waste derivatives instead of synthetic fertilizers and/or animal manure on soil and crop production. In a field trial, nutrient balances were assessed and the physicochemical soil fertility and quality were evaluated. The biogas yield of the harvested energy crops was determined. An economic and ecological evaluation was conducted. Application of bio-digestion waste derivatives induced small, albeit statistically insignificant improvement in crop yield, soil fertility and quality compared to current common practices using animal manure and synthetic fertilizers. Moreover, the use of these products might stimulate nutrient mobilization from the soil, thereby increasing the use efficiency of soil minerals. For all reuse scenarios the calculated economic and ecological benefits were significantly higher than the reference. It is clear that the reuse of bio-based products as nutrient supply in agriculture should be stimulated in European legislation. Further field research is on-going in order to validate the results and evaluate the impact on soil quality in the longer term.